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<title>Systems modeling</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Systems modeling</span></span>

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<p><b>Systems modeling</b> or <b>system modeling</b> is the <a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary study</a> of the use of <a href="Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">models</a> to conceptualize and construct <a href="System" title="System">systems</a> in <a href="Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PAW06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAW06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A common type of systems modeling is <a href="Function_model" title="Function model">function modeling</a>, with specific techniques such as the <a href="Functional_Flow_Block_Diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Flow Block Diagram">Functional Flow Block Diagram</a> and <a href="IDEF0" title="IDEF0">IDEF0</a>. These models can be extended using <a href="Functional_decomposition" title="Functional decomposition">functional decomposition</a>, and can be linked to <a href="Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a> models for further systems partition.

</p><p>Contrasting the functional modeling, another type of systems modeling is <a href="Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">architectural modeling</a> which uses the <a href="Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">systems architecture</a> to conceptually model the <a href="Structure" title="Structure">structure</a>, <a href="Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, and more <a href="View_model" title="View model">views</a> of a system.

</p><p>The <a href="Business_Process_Modeling_Notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Process Modeling Notation">Business Process Modeling Notation</a> (BPMN), a graphical representation for specifying business processes in a workflow, can also be considered to be a systems modeling language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>In business and IT development the term "systems modeling" has multiple meanings. It can relate to:

</p>

<ul><li>the use of <a href="Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">model</a> to conceptualize and construct systems</li>

<li>the <a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary study</a> of the use of these models</li>

<li>the systems modeling, <a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">analysis</a>, and <a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">design</a> efforts</li>

<li>the systems modeling and <a href="Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a>, such as <a href="System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">system dynamics</a></li>

<li>any specific systems <a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">modeling language</a></li></ul>

<p>As a field of study systems modeling has emerged with the development of <a href="System_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="System theory">system theory</a> and <a href="Systems_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems sciences">systems sciences</a>.

</p><p>As a type of <a href="Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">modeling</a> systems modeling is based on <a href="Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> and the systems approach. In business and IT systems modeling contrasts other approaches such as:

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<ul><li><a href="Agent_based_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent based modeling">agent based modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">data modeling</a> and</li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">mathematical modeling</a></li></ul>

<p>In "Methodology for Creating Business Knowledge" (1997) <a href="Ingeman_Arbnor" title="Ingeman Arbnor">Arbnor</a> and <a href="Bj%C3%B6rn_Bjerke" title="Björn Bjerke">Bjerke</a> the systems approach (systems modeling) was considered to be one of the three basic methodological approaches for gaining business knowledge, beside the analytical approach and the actor's approach (agent based modeling).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The function model originates in the 1950s, after in the first half of the 20th century other types of management diagrams had already been developed. The first known <a href="Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt chart</a> was developed in 1896 by <a href="Karol_Adamiecki" title="Karol Adamiecki">Karol Adamiecki</a>, who called it a <i>harmonogram</i>. Because Adamiecki did not publish his chart until 1931 - and in any case his works were published in either Polish or Russian, languages not popular in <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> - the chart now bears the name of <a href="Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a> (1861–1919), who designed his chart around the years 1910-1915 and popularized it in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first well defined function models, was the <a href="Functional_Flow_Block_Diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Flow Block Diagram">Functional Flow Block Diagram</a> (FFBD) developed by the defense-related <a href="TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a> Incorporated in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s it was exploited by the <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to visualize the time sequence of events in a space systems and flight missions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is further widely used in classical <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> to show the order of execution of system functions.<sup id="cite_ref-TD03_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TD03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One of the earliest pioneering works in <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a> modeling<sup id="cite_ref-JAB07_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAB07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been done by Young and Kent (1958), who argued:

</p>

<dl><dd><i>Since we may be called upon to evaluate different computers or to find alternative ways of organizing current systems it is necessary to have some means of precisely stating a data processing problem independently of mechanization.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>They aimed for a precise and abstract way of specifying the informational and time characteristics of a <a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> problem, and wanted to create a notation that should enable the <a href="Systems_analyst" title="Systems analyst">analyst</a> to organize the problem around any piece of <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>. Their efforts was not so much focused on independent systems analysis, but on creating abstract specification and invariant basis for designing different alternative implementations using different hardware components.<sup id="cite_ref-JAB07_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAB07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A next step in IS modeling was taken by <a href="CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a>, an IT industry consortium formed in 1959, who essentially aimed at the same thing as Young and Kent: the development of "a proper structure for machine independent problem definition language, at the system level of data processing". This led to the development of a specific IS <a href="Information_algebra" title="Information algebra">information algebra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JAB07_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAB07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_systems_modeling">Types of systems modeling</h2></div>

<p>In business and IT development systems are modeled with different scopes and scales of complexity, such as:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Functional_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional model">Functional modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">Systems architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_process_modeling" title="Business process modeling">Business process modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise modeling">Enterprise modeling</a></li></ul>

<p>Further more like <a href="Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a>, systems modeling in can be divided into:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_systems" title="Hard systems">Hard systems</a> modeling or <a href="Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a> modeling</li>

<li><a href="Soft_system_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft system modeling">Soft system modeling</a></li>

<li>Process based system modeling<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>And all other specific types of systems modeling, such as form example <a href="Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a> modeling, <a href="Dynamical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamical systems">dynamical systems</a> modeling, and <a href="Critical_systems_thinking" title="Critical systems thinking">critical systems</a> modeling.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_types_of_modeling_languages">Specific types of modeling languages</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Framework-specific_modeling_language" title="Framework-specific modeling language">Framework-specific modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_modeling" title="Behavioral modeling">Behavioral modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic systems">Dynamic systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_visual_system_model" title="Human visual system model">Human visual system model</a> – a human visual system model used by image processing, video processing, and computer vision</li>

<li><a href="Open_energy_system_models" title="Open energy system models">Open energy system models</a> – energy system models adopting <a href="Open_science" title="Open science">open science</a> principles</li>

<li><a href="SEQUAL_framework" title="SEQUAL framework">SEQUAL framework</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Software_and_Systems_Modeling" title="Software and Systems Modeling">Software and Systems Modeling</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System model</a> – a model that illustrates the relative positions and motions of the planets and stars</li>

<li><a href="Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_biology_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems biology modeling">Systems biology modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">Viable system model</a> – a model of the organizational structure of any viable or autonomous system</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dau.mil/pubs/pdf/SEFGuide%2001-01.pdf"><i>Systems Engineering Fundamentals.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211165311/http://www.dau.mil/pubs/pdf/SEFGuide%2001-01.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-02-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PAW06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAW06_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamswww.epfl.ch/people/wegmann/">Research interests</a> Professor <a href="Alain_Wegmann" title="Alain Wegmann">Alain Wegmann</a>, Last changed 2006-12-01. Retrieved June 19, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingeman Arbnor, Bjorn Bjerke (2007). <i>Methodology for Creating Business Knowledge</i>. Sage Publications, Inc, 1997. Back cover.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.L. Gantt, <i>Work, Wages and Profit</i>, published by the <i><a href="Engineering_Magazine" title="Engineering Magazine">Engineering Magazine</a></i>, New York, 1910; republished as <i>Work, Wages and Profits</i>, Easton, Pennsylvania, Hive Publishing Company, 1974, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87960-048-9</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Weilkiens (2008). <i>Systems Engineering with SysML/UML: Modeling, Analysis, Design</i>. Page 287.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a> (1967). <i>Systems Engineering Methods</i>. Page 254.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TD03-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TD03_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Dufresne & James Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~tdufresn/paper.doc">"Process Modeling for E-Business"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061220024049/http://mason.gmu.edu/~tdufresn/paper.doc">Archived</a> 2006-12-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. INFS 770 Methods for Information Systems Engineering: Knowledge Management and E-Business. Spring 2003</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JAB07-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JAB07_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JAB07_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JAB07_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Janis_A._Bubenko_jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Janis A. Bubenko jr">Janis A. Bubenko jr</a> (2007) "From Information Algebra to Enterprise Modelling and Ontologies - a Historical Perspective on Modelling for Information Systems". In: <i>Conceptual Modelling in Information Systems Engineering</i>. <a href="John_Krogstie" title="John Krogstie">John Krogstie</a> et al. eds. pp 1-18</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, J. W., and Kent, H. K. (1958). "Abstract Formulation of Data Processing Problems". In: <i>Journal of Industrial Engineering</i>. Nov-Dec 1958. 9(6), pp. 471-479</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIsaksson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Isaksson, Raine (2006-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150610691046">"Total quality management for sustainable development: Process based system models"</a></span>. <i>Business Process Management Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">632–</span>645. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F14637150610691046">10.1108/14637150610691046</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-7154">1463-7154</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_modeling" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li>Doo-Kwon Baik eds. (2005). <i>Systems modeling and simulation: theory and applications : third Asian Simulation Conference, AsiaSim 2004, Jeju Island, Korea, October 4–6, 2004</i>. Springer, 2005. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-24477-8</bdi>.</li>

<li>Derek W. Bunn, Erik R. Larsen (1997). <i>Systems modelling for energy policy</i>. Wiley, 1997. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-95794-1</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Hartmut_Ehrig" title="Hartmut Ehrig">Hartmut Ehrig</a> et al. (eds.) (2005). <i>Formal methods in software and systems modeling</i>. Springer, 2005 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-24936-2</bdi></li>

<li>D. J. Harris (1985). <i>Mathematics for business, management, and economics: a systems modelling approach</i>. E. Horwood, 1985. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-85312-821-9</bdi></li>

<li>Jiming Liu, Xiaolong Jin, Kwok Ching Tsui (2005). <i>Autonomy oriented computing: from problem solving to complex systems modeling</i>. Springer, 2005. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4020-8121-9</bdi></li>

<li>Michael Pidd (2004). <i>Systems Modelling: Theory and Practice</i>. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-470-86732-9</bdi></li>

<li>Václav Pinkava (1988). <i>Introduction to Logic for Systems Modelling</i>. Taylor & Francis, 1988. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-85626-431-8</bdi></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_Analysis_and_Allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Analysis and Allocation">Functional Analysis and Allocation</a></li>

<li><a href="System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li>

<li><a href="System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="System" title="System">System</a></li>

<li><a href="System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li>

<li><a href="System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li>

<li><a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li>

<li><a href="Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li>

<li><a href="Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li>

<li><a href="Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li>

<li><a href="John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Systems_modeling&oldid=1301527991">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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